Causes and Consequences of Iodine Deficiency Disorders

Iodine is a necessary part of the human diet that can lead to diseases both at levels that are inadequate or in excess. The thyroid gland uses iodine to produce thyroid hormones; thus, many adverse effects of inadequate iodine intake result in thyroid-related disease. Since thyroid hormones are vital for many body functions, abnormal production negatively impacts numerous organs. Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and cancer are the most common effects of abnormal iodine levels. Brain development is also commonly affected, particularly during fetal, neonatal, and child development. Environmental and dietary factors impact iodine status, including soil iodine content, pesticide usage, and whether salt iodization is common. This article discusses the sources and serious consequences of iodine deficiency disorders, the benefits of iodine intake, and the adverse effects of excess iodine consumption.