The Endogenous Cannabinoid System: A Neuro Modulatory Role

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is one of the most important physiological systems due to its multidimensional role in many different physiological functions, from modulating the immune and inflammatory response, and maintenance of homeostatic balance, to neuroprotection and regulation of nociception. The ECS has been termed the cornerstone connecting brain activity with all of the body’s organs. The ECS consists of cannabinoid receptors, endogenous cannabinoids, and the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of the endocannabinoids. The first documented use of the plant Cannabis sativa (marijuana) is traced back to 5,000 years ago. Extracts of Cannabis were utilized for a wide spectrum of medicinal uses, however it was not until 1964 when researchers Yechiel Gaoni and Raphael Mechoulam discovered and isolated the plant’s first phyto cannabinoid - a psychoactive component called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Soon thereafter cannabidiol (CBD), another phyto cannabinoid was isolated. Although this vast molecular signaling system was named after the plant (Cannabis sativa) that these “discoveries” were made in, the human body already possessed this physiological system endogenously. Consequently, it was the discovery of exogenous cannabinoids which successfully lead to embarking on the existence of the endogenous cannabinoids (and system).